1. Alligator Alley Program Notes Samples
2. Alligator Alley Program Notes Sample For Students

Alligator Alley Program Notes Samples

The widest selection of set of parts. Notes; How to Read Music. Sell sheet music on your website and earn cash when you join our Affiliate Program at Sheet. In Memoriam - John Wacker. The tragic death of Dr. John Wacker leaves a gaping hole in Western’s music program. He even had us play 'Alligator Alley,' a. Community Connections. 7.0 NUTRIENT CONDITIONS 7.1 Introduction Historically, the Everglades ecosystem was nutrient poor, with phosphorus concentrations. Water and sediment samples were collected from the canals from September 1993 through May. Alligator Alley and Tamiami Trail are significantly higher (P.

Alligator Alley Program Notes Sample For Students

Florida State Road 869 (SR 869) is a 24-mile-long (39 km) state road located in western and northern Broward County, acting as a de facto bypass of Fort Lauderdale as well as the northern coastal and southern parts of the county extending north from a junction of Interstate 75 (SR 93), Interstate 595 (SR 862) in Sunrise to Coral Springs where it heads eastward towards Florida's Turnpike and intersecting Interstate 95 before terminating at Southwest 6th Avenue in Deerfield Beach. The 21.242-mile (34.186 km) section west of the Turnpike is known as the Sawgrass Expressway or the Sawgrass Tollway, a six-lane, limited-access, all-electronic toll road; the 2.745-mile (4.418 km) section east of the Turnpike is a surface street known as Southwest 10th Street. The expressway opened in 1986 and was added to Florida's Turnpike Enterprise in 1990. The at-grade section east of the Turnpike is maintained by FDOT.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

Route description[edit]

The highway begins at the north end of the I-75/I-595 interchange in Sunrise, with the Everglades to the west and newer residential and commercial developments to the east of the expressway for the first 12 miles. After a welcome sign, the expressway passes its lone free interchange to Sunrise Boulevard (SR 838), connecting to the Sawgrass Mills mall and passing through the Sunrise Toll Gantry, the first of two toll gantries on the road before reaching the exit for the BB&T Center, where the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play; this interchange has no southbound exit. After intersecting with Oakland Park Boulevard (SR 816), it enters Tamarac by intersecting with Commercial Boulevard (SR 870) and then enters Coral Springs. After interchanges at Atlantic Blvd (SR 814) and Sample Road (SR 834), it curves 90 degrees east by switching to an east and west orientation with housing and other developments surrounding both sides of the highway. Still in Coral Springs, the highway's next interchange and last exit before additional tolls (both directions) is Coral Ridge Drive. Afterwards, it continues eastward, acting as the border between Parkland to the north of the expressway and Coral Springs to the south of it towards the interchange with University Drive (SR 817). Three miles east of this exit, the expressway has an interchange with US 441 / SR7, which forms the borders between Coconut Creek to the east and Parkland and Coral Springs to the west. The expressway then enters Coconut Creek at the interchange with an exit with Lyons Road before entering Deerfield Beach and approaching the Deerfield Toll Gantry just west of Florida's Turnpike.^{[2][4][7][8][9][10]}

After crossing the Turnpike, the tollway reverts to a six lane surface street, Southwest 10th Street, still heading east in Deerfield Beach. It has intersections with two residential streets before reaching Powerline Road (SR 845). East of Powerline Road, SR869 passes by residential and commercial zones, crossing several local streets for the remainder of its length, with SR869 intersecting Military Trail and I-95 about two miles east of Powerline Road and terminating at Southwest 6th Avenue about 0.4-mile (0.64 km) east of I-95.^{[2][4][7][9][10]} There have been plans to extend the expressway east of the Turnpike to I-95 since the early 1990s, but local opposition has prevented it from going forward.^[11][12] The latest (c.2018) plan features elevated express lanes 27' above the street similar to I-595 to the south, and construction could begin as early as 2022.^[13]

Tolls[edit]

The Sawgrass Expressway is an all electronic, cashless toll road, using overhead toll gantries in the place of the former toll plazas. Users pay by either SunPass transponders or by a toll by plate system for a slightly higher fee. The cost to travel the entire expressway costs $2.12 with SunPass, and $2.64 with toll by plate as of July 2015. For travel over only part of the expressway, a graduated toll system is in place.^[8]

History[edit]

Originally planned to be the University-Deerfield Expressway when it was first proposed in 1960, it was supposed to be the northernmost part of a chain of expressways from Deerfield Beach to Coral Gables, but the proposed Snake Creek Expressway (in Broward County) became part of the Florida's Turnpike Extension and the LeJeune-Douglas Expressway (in Dade County) failed in the 1970s as the result of a county wide expressway revolt.^[14][15][16] On the other hand, the rerouting of Interstate 75 from the Tamiami Trail to Alligator Alley in 1973 increased the necessity of a northern/western bypass of Broward County and in 1983, the newly created Broward County Expressway Authority proposed the Sawgrass-Deerfield Expressway in its current alignment.^[17][18] A series of cost-cutting measures for the proposed toll road included removal of all planned rest stops and a shortening of the name of the road to Sawgrass Expressway (A consultant stated in an interview, 'Those overhead signs are damn expensive').^[19]

The Sawgrass Expressway broke ground on November 2, 1984, and opened to traffic on July 3, 1986, at a cost of $200 million.^[20][21] The section between I-75 and Sunrise Boulevard opened on August 4, 1988.^[1] Bonds were sold in 1984 to finance construction and again in 1986 to partially refund the 1984 bonds.^[22][23] By 1990, however, the Sawgrass Expressway was plagued with a massive debt, light usage and was a subject of local political corruption. Florida's Turnpike Enterprise purchased the Sawgrass Expressway from the Broward County Expressway Authority in December 1990 as part of the expansion program authorized by the Florida Legislature in 1990 Senate Bill 1316.^[24][25] The Expressway, along with SW 10th Street west of I-95, was bannered as State Road 869 in 1995.^[26]

When the highway was first built, it was criticized for being a 'road to nowhere', as it passed through undeveloped areas for most of its length.^[27] The road's $1.50 toll in its first few years was another criticism by local residents, contributing to the road's light usage.^[28] Commercial and residential developments boomed along the toll road in the late '80s and throughout the '90s, making it suitable for commuters.^[27] The swampland west of the Expressway is an Everglades Water Conservation Area and unlikely to be developed in the foreseeable future.^[7]

The Sawgrass Expressway experienced its first toll hike on March 7, 2004, increasing the toll rate for non SunPass users to $2.00 for travel over the entire expressway, with SunPass users still using the original toll rates.^[29][30]

Unlike most roads, the Sawgrass Expressway had a mascot, a swamp frog named Cecil B. Sawgrass, who appeared on signs greeting motorists entering the tollway southbound from State Road 845 (Powerline Road), as well as various road signs on the expressway. Signs featuring Cecil are becoming rare, as newer expressway signage uses only the standard TOLL 869 shield.^[25] In October 2005, Hurricane Wilma damaged the expressway's welcome sign, resulting in its removal during cleanup.^[31]

Between 2008 and 2009, the expressway was widened from four lanes to its current six lanes, and was converted to open-road tolling at the Sunrise and Deerfield toll plazas, as well as on exit and entrance ramps, eliminating the need for toll plazas for SunPass users on the toll road. Traditional toll booths for cash customers were still accessible on the right side of the plaza areas.^[5][32]

On June 24, 2012, toll rates were raised on the Sawgrass Expressway, with rates going up on average about a quarter at each tolling area for both cash and SunPass customers.^[33] Rates were risen slightly again for SunPass customers on July 1, 2013, with cash prices staying at their 2012 rates, and are the toll rates as of January 2014.^[8][34][35]

The Sawgrass Expressway eliminated cash tolls on April 19, 2014, charging vehicles by SunPass or license plate information. Toll gantries replaced the shuttered toll booths at plazas and exits.^[36][37]

Exit list[edit]

The entire route is in Broward County.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Sawgrass Link to I-75 will be Opened Today Westbound Interstate 595 Also Opening'. Miami Herald 4 Aug 1988: 2BR
2. ^ ^abcdeFlorida Department of Transportation (June 15, 2012). 'Straight Line Diagram of Road Inventory'(PDF). Retrieved December 30, 2015.
3. ^ ^abFlorida Department of Transportation (February 26, 2014). 'Straight Line Diagram of Road Inventory'(PDF). Retrieved December 30, 2015.
4. ^ ^abcMap of State Road 869 (Map). MapQuest, Inc. 2009. Retrieved 2012-07-29.^{[permanent dead link]}
5. ^ ^ab'Turnpike, Sawgrass closures planned'. South Florida Business Journal 2008-03-07
6. ^'System Description Toll 869 - Sawgrass Expressway'. Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2009-07-29.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
7. ^ ^abcMunicipal Boundaries 2009(PDF) (Map). Cartography by Broward County GIS. Broward County, Florida. 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
8. ^ ^abcd'Sawgrass Expressway Map'(PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. 2010-10-04. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2014-01-06.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
9. ^ ^abGoogle (2012-07-29). 'overview map of State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)' (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
10. ^ ^abGeneral Highway Map: Broward County, Florida(PDF) (Map). Florida Department of Transportation. 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
11. ^'County Will Scale Down Sawgrass/I-95 Connector'. Miami Herald 9 Jul 1993: 3BR
12. ^Michael Turnbell. 'Going from Palmetto to I-95 Complicated'Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. South Florida Sun Sentinel 27 Feb 2009
13. ^Anne Geggis. 'Express lanes from Sawgrass to I-95: Your sneak peek at what they'll look like'. South Florida Sun Sentinel 21 Apr 2018
14. ^Marcus, Jon. 'Thompson Hits Big Bump on Political Highway'. Sun-Sentinel 16 Aug 1987: 1B
15. ^'Taking a Journey Down the Roads Left Undone'. Miami Herald 11 Dec 1995: 1B
16. ^'Road 'spaghetti' distaste cuts plans'. The Miami News 16 Sep 1971: 5A
17. ^'It Will Be 7 Years Before Highway Network Is A Reality'. Sarasota Herald-Tribune 2 Apr 1973: 9A
18. ^'Lawmakers to get highway plan'. Miami Herald 18 Feb 1983: 4BR
19. ^'Expressway's New Name is Shorter and Cheaper'. Miami Herald 12 Jan 1984: 2BR
20. ^'Sawgrass Project May Be State's Swiftest'. Miami Herald 28 Oct 1984: 1 BR
21. ^Lasalandra, Michael. 'Sawgrass Scheduled to Open Today'. Sun-Sentinel 3 July 1986: 3B
22. ^'Expressway Bond Sale Approved'. Miami Herald 25 Jul 1984: 4BR
23. ^Lasalandra, Michael. 'Refinancing of Sawgrass Bonds to Mean Windfall of $11 million'. Sun-Sentinel 8 Jan 1987: 8B
24. ^'Sawgrass Expressway To Be Bought By State Toll Road To Become Part of Turnpike'. Miami Herald 1 Dec 1990: 15BR
25. ^ ^ab'Florida's Turnpike 50 Year Celebration'(PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2009-07-31.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
26. ^Kernicky, Kathleen. 'Sawgrass Name Game Runs Its Course'. Sun Sentinel 18 Mar 1995: 1B
27. ^ ^ab'Sawgrass Expressway Drives Building Boom'. Miami Herald 10 Aug 1986: 1BR
28. ^'Readers Say Sawgrass Fare Just Isn't Fair'. Miami Herald 24 Nov 1986: 1BR
29. ^McGinness, Chuck. 'Plan To Hike Toll On Turnpike Rapped'. The Palm Beach Post 8 Jan 2004: 7B
30. ^Turnbell, Michael. 'Drivers Dash To Get SunPass Before Toll Increases Kick In'. Sun-Sentinel 6 Mar 2004: 1B
31. ^'Downtown Towers Take A Hit'. Miami Herald 25 Oct 2005: 4A
32. ^Michael Turnbell. 'Faster lanes cut toll waits on Sawgrass'. South Florida Sun Sentinel 18 Dec 2008
33. ^Turnbell, Michael (7 June 2012). 'Tolls on Turnpike, Sawgrass, Alligator Alley going up on June 24'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
34. ^Turnbell, Michael (28 June 2013). 'Tolls go up July 1 on turnpike, state toll roads'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
35. ^'Traveler Information Toll Rates'. Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
36. ^Turnbell, Michael (3 August 2013). 'Sawgrass Expressway going cashless in 2014'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
37. ^Turnbull, Michael (18 April 2014). 'Sawgrass Expressway stops accepting cash Saturday night'. Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
38. ^'Florida Department of Transportation Interchange Report'(PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. 2008-11-24. p. 16. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2009-07-27.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
39. ^Google (December 30, 2015). 'East 10th Street' (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
40. ^http://www.floridasturnpike.com/sunpassages/archives/06.fall/construction_fa06.html

External links[edit]

Route map:

Florida's Turnpike, designated as unsignedState Road 91 (SR 91), is a toll road in the U.S. state of Florida, maintained by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). Spanning approximately 309 miles (497 km) along a northwest–southeast axis, the turnpike is in two sections. The SR 91 mainline runs roughly 265 miles (426 km), from its southern terminus at an interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) in Miami Gardens to an interchange with I-75 in Wildwood at its northern terminus. The Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (abbreviated HEFT and designated as unsigned SR 821) continues from the southern end of the mainline for another 48 miles (77 km) to US Highway 1 (US 1) in Florida City. The slogan for the road is 'The Less Stressway'.

The mainline opened in stages between 1957 and 1964, while the extension was completed in 1974. The turnpike runs through Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach, where it parallels I-95, and through Orlando, where it crosses I-4.^[2] Florida's Turnpike is one of the busiest highways in the country.^{[citation needed]}

• 1Route description
• 3Services
• 4History
  • 4.2Construction

Route description[edit]

Miami to Ft. Pierce[edit]

The main section of Florida's Turnpike begins at the northern end of the Golden Glades Interchange in Miami Gardens as a six-lane highway, and passes through the Golden Glades Toll Barrier, a cashless toll point, similar to the ones on the HEFT. About 2 miles (3 km) north of the toll gantry, it passes by Hard Rock Stadium, home to the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, to the west before intersecting with the northern end of the HEFT at the Miami-Dade/Broward County line 4 miles (6 km) from Golden Glades, continuing the HEFT's mile marker. The highway goes through the inland suburbs of Miramar, Hollywood, and Davie, with an exit at Hollywood Boulevard (SR 820) at mile 50, and passing west of the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hollywood just south the Griffin Road (SR 818) interchange (exit 53). In Davie, about 8 miles (13 km) north of the Homestead Extension interchange, it intersects with I-595, providing direct access to Alligator Alley and Ft. Lauderdale International Airport. After two more interchanges, one with Sunrise Boulevard (SR 838) in Plantation and Commercial Boulevard (SR 870) in Tamarac, it crosses the Cypress Creek Toll Plaza in North Lauderdale, the second on the mainline. Just 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the toll plaza, it intersects with the Pompano Beach Service Plaza, the first of seven full-service plazas on the mainline, and where the Turnpike's operations center is located. Still in Pompano Beach, it has a northbound-only exit (and southbound-only entrance) at Atlantic Boulevard (SR 814), followed by full interchanges with Coconut Creek Parkway/Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (County Road 912) (exit 67) and Sample Road (SR 834) (exit 69). It then enters Deerfield Beach with an interchange with the Sawgrass Expressway in Coconut Creek (exit 71), the final interchange in Broward County. The Turnpike then enters Palm Beach County, with one interchange each in Boca Raton (Glades Road, exit 75), Delray Beach (Atlantic Avenue, exit 81) and Boynton Beach (Boynton Beach Boulevard, exit 86).^[3][4][5]

In central Palm Beach County at mile marker 88, the ticket system of the turnpike begins at the Lantana Toll Plaza. The turnpike narrows to a four-lane highway as it goes through a less developed portion of Palm Beach County, crossing interchanges with Lake Worth Road, followed by the Lake Worth/West Palm Beach Service Plaza at mile marker 94. In West Palm Beach, the highway has interchanges with US 98/SR 80 (Southern Boulevard), a SunPass-only interchange at Jog Road, followed by an interchange at Okeechobee Boulevard (exit 99) that heads directly into downtown West Palm Beach. North of the interchange, the highway enters stretch of sparse development between this point and Port St. Lucie, intersecting with the Beeline Highway, another SunPass only interchange before leaving West Palm Beach. Just north of the SR 786 interchange in Palm Beach Gardens (exit 109), I-95 parallels the Turnpike to the east for about 20 miles (32 km), with I-95 visible from the turnpike as it has an interchange with SR 706 (exit 116) in Jupiter and into Martin County. It breaks off as it crosses the Thomas B. Manuel Bridge over the St. Lucie Canal,^[6] crossing I-95 without an interchange just south of the SR 714 interchange, the only exit in Martin County. I-95 heads west towards the western fringes of St. Lucie County development, while the turnpike takes a path through the central areas of the county. The turnpike has two interchanges in Port St. Lucie, one at Becker Road (exit 138), the third SunPass-only exit, and SR 716 (exit 142), followed by the Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce service plaza at mile marker 144. The turnpike intersects I-95 one last time just south of SR 70 (exit 152) in Fort Pierce, as I-95 continues to head up the east coast of Florida and the turnpike curves inland towards Orlando.^[3][5]

Ft. Pierce to Wildwood[edit]

North of the SR 70 interchange, the turnpike enters a rural area, with cattle farms and orange groves lining the road for most of the section between Fort Pierce and Kissimmee, with only one interchange: SR 60 in Yeehaw Junction (exit 193). There are two service plazas in this area, one at Fort Drum at mile marker 184 and the other, Canoe Creek, at mile marker 229. Between Fort Pierce and Yeehaw Junction, the turnpike travels in a nearly east-west direction heading inland, with a 40.5-mile (65.2 km) gap between the two exits, the second longest of any US expressway.^[7] Between Yeehaw Junction and Kissimmee, the turnpike, returning to a north-northwest direction towards Orlando, has a 48.9-mile (78.7 km) (47 miles (76 km) southbound) stretch without an exit, the longest of any US expressway.^[7] At mile marker 236, the ticket system ends at the Three Lakes toll plaza, as the turnpike enters the Orlando area and development starts to reappear on the turnpike. The SunPass-only interchange located at Kissimmee Park Road, a partial interchange featuring a northbound on- and southbound off-ramp only, is named for Senator N. Ray Carroll, longtime Osceola County banker, citrus grower and cattle rancher.^[3][5][8] After interchanges with US 192/US 441 (exit 242 northbound, exit 244 southbound) and the Osceola Parkway (exit 249), the turnpike enters Orange County and Orlando. Exit 251 features a partial interchange with SR 417 (Central Florida GreeneWay), with an exit from the northbound turnpike to northbound SR 417 and entrance from southbound SR 417 to the southbound turnpike. Exit 254 in Sky Lake is a massive combined interchange with both US 17/US 92/US 441 (Orange Blossom Trail) and SR 528 (Beachline Expressway), which combines a series of parclo interchanges with access ramps from side roads. Here the turnpike expands to eight lanes north of the interchange, and then it intersects with Consulate Drive (exit 255), a southbound-only, SunPass-only interchange.^[3][5]

After passing the I-4 interchange (exit 259) near many of Orlando's theme parks, the Turnpike moves in a northwest direction, first passing by the Turkey Lake Service Plaza at mile marker 263, where the FDOT district headquarters of the Turnpike are located. The Turnpike has the next two interchanges with Orlando area tollways, SR 408 (East-West Expressway) at exit 265 and SR 429 (Western Expressway) at exit 267A, where in between the two exits, the turnpike expands to become a twelve-lane highway, and reverting to an eight-lane highway north of the SR 429 interchange. The last two Orange County interchanges are with SR 50 five miles apart at exit 267B and 272, with the turnpike becoming a four-lane highway north of exit 272, and staying that way for the rest of its northward journey. The Turnpike then enters Lake County, heading in a northwestern direction, where hilly countryside becomes a part of the terrain for the remainder of the expressway. At mile 285, it has a northbound exit/southbound entrance with US 27, followed by the Leesburg toll plaza at mile 288, and a southbound exit/northbound entrance with US 27 at mile 289. The last interchange in Lake County is with County Road 470 (exit 296), which does not provide cash.^[3][5]

The final toll plaza is in Leesburg.

At mile marker 299, the turnpike passes through the final service plaza, the Okahumpka service plaza. Between US 301 (exit 304) and the northern terminus (mile 309) there is no toll. The turnpike ends with an interchange with I-75 in Wildwood, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Ocala.^[3][5] Exit 304 provides access to southbound I-75 through that interstate's exit 329, while northbound I-75 travelers can access the turnpike at this exit.

Tolls[edit]

Tolls on the turnpike are an average of 6.7 cents per mile (4.2 ¢/km) for cars and other two-axle vehicles using SunPass.^[9] A trip on the entire turnpike (not including the Homestead Extension) would cost $22.59 with cash/Toll-by-Plate, and $17.45 with SunPass.^[10] The ticket system is operated between the Lantana and Three Lakes Barrier tolls, and a coin system is used south of Lantana and north of Kissimmee, with the portion between the Golden Glades toll barrier north to I-595 in Davie being a cashless toll system, similar to the HEFT. The turnpike was originally entirely on the ticket system, but due to congestion in the Miami and Orlando metro areas, a coin system was implemented in those sections of the turnpike in the 1990s.^[11] The SunPasselectronic toll collection system, in use since 1999, has become the primary method of paying tolls on the turnpike, with 80% of customers using the electronic tolling as of October 2009.^[12][13][14] SunPass can be used on most Florida toll roads, and in conjunction with other electronic toll collection systems in Florida (E-Pass and LeeWay). SunPass users benefit from an average of a 25% discount on tolls and access to SunPass-only exit ramps.^[15]SunPasstransponders are available at the gift shop and gas stations at all service plazas, as well as Walgreens, Publix, and CVS stores statewide.^[16]

As the Turnpike and its system of roads are primary routes for emergency evacuations, tolls may be suspended, in cooperation with the state's emergency operations center and county governments, when a state or national emergency, most common being a hurricane watch, warrant rapid movement of the population.^[17]

Services[edit]

Service plazas[edit]

Eight service plazas are located along the turnpike, spaced about 45 miles (72 km) apart. All eight plazas are open 24 hours a day and located on the center median of the turnpike for access from both directions and offer gasoline, diesel fuel, internet access, travel and tourism info and tickets, picnic areas, TV news, gift shops offering Florida Lottery, family-friendly restrooms, and pay phones. A convenience store/gas station is located at the Snapper Creek plaza on the Homestead Extension of the turnpike, while the remaining seven are full-service plazas, featuring a selection of franchised fast food restaurants. Three of the service plazas (Pompano, Port St. Lucie/Fort Pierce, Turkey Lake) also provide E85ethanol.^[18] The Turkey Lake plaza also has an electric vehiclecharger for Tesla vehicles.^[19]

The operation of Sunshine State Parkway gas stations and service centers was originally bid out under separate contracts, and as a result, differing petroleum brands operated concurrently along the parkway, with varying levels of service and pricing.^[20] This practice was discontinued in 1995 when all service center operations were combined to improve supply and continuity of service; with Martin Petroleum, a Florida corporation, operating the stations with Citgo brand fuel at its stations.^[21][22] Since then, the Venezuelan government, under President Hugo Chávez, nationalized Citgo, and in 2006, political controversy resulted in a movement to remove the brand from the turnpike.^[23] Currently, the gas stations are under the Shell brand.

In 2009, Areas U.S.A. signed a 30-year contract for operation of food and retail concessions, taking over operations from Martin Petroleum and HMSHost. Florida Turnpike Services, L.L.C., Areas' partner, replaced the Citgo brand and changed over the restaurant brands.^[24][25] The reconstruction and renovation of six of the service plazas began on November 1, 2010, to be completed in 2012. The Okahumpka and Ft. Pierce plazas will begin reconstruction when the other plaza projects are complete. Total renovation costs are estimated at $160 million.^[26]

Intelligent transportation systems[edit]

Florida's Turnpike Enterprise operates with intelligent transportation systems (ITS), used to detect and manage incidents on the their roadways. The ITS are managed by two traffic management centers (TMCs), one in Pompano Beach and the other in Ocoee, operated by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The system, consisting of closed-circuit televisiontraffic cameras, dynamic message signs, highway advisory radio, and radar vehicle detection system, allow the TMC to see anything from congestion to crashes, to disabled vehicles that may pose a threat to the Turnpike's motorists. When necessary, the TMC will activate the dynamic message signs and highway advisory radio stations to alert motorists of the potential situation, as well as AMBER/Silver Alerts.^[27][28]

Road Rangers[edit]

The Safety Patrol (also known as Road Rangers, and currently sponsored by State Farm) offers free roadside assistance on Florida's Turnpike mainline and Homestead Extension. Utility trucks patrol 12 designated zones looking for stranded motorists to provide services such as fuel, tire changes, and use of a cellular phone; and also watching out for crashes and road debris. The Traffic Management Center dispatches them to accidents, debris removal, disabled vehicles, or anything that may potentially affect the traveling public; they also assist the Florida Highway Patrol with traffic maintenance during incidents involving blockage of lanes.^[29]

History[edit]

Planning[edit]

In the years following World War II, Florida was experiencing unprecedented growth in population and tourism, along with a revitalized citrus industry recovering from a harsh freeze early in the decade; the increased traffic load quickly burdened the state's highway system. South Florida businessman and accounting firm owner Charles B. Costar was concerned that a trip down the east coast of Florida would take days on the available road network, passing through every small beachside town and siphoning off the traffic before visitors reached South Florida. After driving on the Pennsylvania Turnpike during a vacation there, he envisioned a similar high-speed turnpike in Florida. In 1953, Costar led a lobbying group that resulted in the state legislature creating the 'Florida Turnpike Act', which Governor Dan McCarty signed into law on July 11, 1953, as well as the Florida State Turnpike Authority, which had the ability to plan, design, and construct bond-financed toll roads, in which Costar was instrumental to create, to be repaid through the collection of tolls from Turnpike customers.^[12]

Thomas B. Manuel, known as the 'Father of the Turnpike', served as chairman of the Florida State Turnpike Authority from January 1955 to January 1961. Manuel debated with state legislature members opposed to tollways, emphasizing the need for a good highway system in a tourism-driven state. During the 1955 legislative session, many small-county legislators and others opposed to the Parkway formed a 'kill the 'Pike' coalition; Manuel won over the legislators at his headquarters in the Floridan Hotel near the capitol. Only four votes against the turnpike were entered at the end of the session's roll call, and the Legislature granted permission to build with a $70 million bond issue in June 1955. A Turnpike bridge in Stuart bears his name to honor his contributions.^[12]

Construction[edit]

Construction on the Parkway began on July 4, 1955, starting at what is now the Golden Glades Interchange.^[30] In October 1956, all work on the Sunshine State Parkway north of Ft. Pierce was abandoned and plans for a state-long turnpike were shelved due to passage of the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, which provided for construction of limited-access highways in the corridors that had been under study for the Parkway Extension. One was Interstate 95, which was slated to connect Jacksonville with Miami in a similar alignment to the planned Sunshine State Parkway Coastal Route. This resulted in completion of a truncated 110-mile (180 km) highway that ran from Miami to Fort Pierce, opening on January 25, 1957.^[12]

In January 1959, Governor LeRoy Collins, favoring a Parkway extension from Fort Pierce to Orlando, stated that building the Parkway north of Orlando would be unnecessary due to the interstate highway system. In late May 1959, the Board authorized a study for the Parkway Extension to Orlando, and connecting the Interstate routes in Florida. In 1961, Governor Collins approved the sale of $80 million in bonds to finance the parkway extension from Fort Pierce to Wildwood, adding another 156 miles (251 km) of roadway and shifting Interstate 75's route 6 miles (10 km) eastward from its original alignment. The extension was opened in three stages: a 61-mile (98 km) section between Yeehaw Junction and Orlando opened on July 17, 1963, a section linking Fort Pierce and Yeehaw Junction opened on November 22, 1963, and the section between Orlando and the northern terminus of I-75 opened on July 24, 1964, completing the mainline.^[2][12]

I-95 realignment[edit]

The Bureau of Public Roads approved an Interstate 95 alignment that used 41 miles (66 km) of the Turnpike from PGA Boulevard (SR 786) in Palm Beach Gardens north to SR 70 in Ft. Pierce in the 1950s.^[31][32] In the mid-1960s, the State Road Department authorized traffic counts be conducted to determine if the separation of Interstate 95 from the Turnpike was feasible, with arguments that using a concurrent alignment was costing Florida money for federal highway funding, but not without the concern of losing toll revenue.^[33] Over time, the interstate adopted a route closer to U.S. Route 1, including parallel between Stuart and Palm Beach Gardens, with the turnpike being removed from the I-95 alignment in 1973, and I-95 being completed in 1987.^[34][35]

Reckless spending[edit]

With the St. Petersburg Times in 1963, a team led by Martin Waldron wrote a total of 150,000 words as part of the newspaper's coverage of unchecked spending by the Florida Turnpike Authority that led to estimated costs quadrupling from initial estimates of $100 million.^[36] Waldron received a tip about excessive spending by John Hammer, chairman of the Florida Turnpike Authority, which included expensive hotels and meals, corsages for his secretary and overcharging for a chartered plane.^[37] His coverage earned the newspaper the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1964, the first for the newspaper, and led to changes in the way the state of Florida managed highway construction projects.^[36][38]

System expansion[edit]

With Florida still growing in population in the 1960s, preliminary studies began for expanding portions of the Turnpike to six lanes in South Florida and additional north–south highways in that area. Dade County and the State Road Department developed a plan for the West Dade Expressway (now known as the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike), beginning at the Turnpike near the Dade County/Broward County line, turning westward and southward, and terminating at Florida City in southern Dade County. In 1967, the Florida State Turnpike Authority was authorized to perform engineering and feasibility studies on the West Dade Expressway and the Bee Line Connector extension, now known as the Martin Andersen Beachline Expressway. The results of the studies came in December 1968, but due to an uncertain bond market and an unknown future for the toll authority, decisions on the roads were delayed.^[12]

The Florida Department of Transportation was created in July 1969, with the Florida State Turnpike Authority becoming a part of the new FDOT. Soon after, FDOT and Orange and Dade County officials agreed the Bee Line Connector and Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike would be financed by revenue bond issues as extensions of Florida's Turnpike. The Beeline Expressway opened in 1973 and the Homestead Extension opened in 1974 as a part of the Turnpike mainline.^[12]

Later changes[edit]

From its opening in January 1957 to April 12, 1968, the road was known as the Sunshine State Parkway (SSP). On April 12, 1968, the road was renamed to its current name of Florida's Turnpike, to identify that the toll road was located in Florida and to avoid confusion from other Florida landmarks such as the Sunshine Skyway Bridge.^[12][39] The Sunshine State Parkway moniker was commonly used for the next decade, and remnants of the name can be seen on several Turnpike maintenance buildings.^[40][41]

On September 1, 1971, the Turnpike switched from a sequential exit numbering system to a hybrid numbering system, where adjacent exit numbers differed by 4 south of SR 60 (exit 60 at the time) and 5 north of SR 60.^[42][43]

Between 1974 and 1986, the turnpike experienced little change other than maintenance as the original bonds on the road were being paid off.^[12] During this period, the turnpike experienced the first of five toll hikes on February 15, 1979, when the cost of a trip from Golden Glades to Wildwood increased to $5.90 from $4.80, the road's original toll.^[44]

In 1988, the Office of Florida's Turnpike was formed, with $220 million worth of revenue bonds being sold in April 1989 to renovate the toll plazas, service centers and improve the road with the reduction of urban congestion. Fifteen new interchanges were planned in the early 1990s, with four of them opened by July 1991.^[12] Also during this time, sections of the turnpike were converted from a ticket system to a coin system due to urban congestion, with several mainline toll plazas being built. The section between the Golden Glades Plaza and Lantana was converted in 1990, with the opening of the Cypress Creek and Lantana toll plazas. Coin baskets were installed in 1994 after years of delays.^[45][46][47] The portion north of Kissimmee was converted on August 20, 1995, with the addition of the Three Lakes toll plaza and the Wildwood toll plaza at mile 304 being replaced by the Leesburg toll barrier on July 7, 1995.^[48][49][50]

The improvements also came with a series of toll hikes between 1989 and 1993 to make the toll rates more uniform six cents per mile (3.7 ¢/km) throughout the turnpike's length. The first one was enacted on April 1, 1989, which raised the rate to $9.95.^[51] The second one, on July 1, 1991, affected only the section north of Lantana, raising the trip's cost to $12.35.^[52][53] The last one took effect on July 11, 1993, increasing the trip's cost to $14.40.^[54]

In 1989, the Turnpike switched its exit numbering system to the mile-log system, starting from the south end of the Homestead Extension, 13 years before Florida's interstates integrated it into their system.^[42][55][56]

Because he 'was one of America's most beloved presidents and a true world leader', as the Legislature put it, Florida's Turnpike was designated by the Florida Legislature in 1998 as the Ronald Reagan Turnpike, with 20 signs throughout the turnpike showing the designation.^[57]

In April 1999, SunPass was introduced to the public, with SunPass-only interchanges and lanes being introduced throughout the 2000s.^[12] A toll hike took effect on March 7, 2004, increasing the toll rate for non SunPass users to $18.20, with SunPass users still using the 1993 toll rates.^[58][59]

The HEFT ceased cash toll collections on February 19, 2011, becoming an exclusive electronic toll road, a move announced in November 2009. The manned toll plazas were converted into electronic toll gantries, and the only ways to pay are either by SunPass transponders or a 'toll-by-plate' program.^[60][61] The Turnpike mainline began its conversion to a cashless toll road with the Golden Glades toll barrier being converted into a toll gantry on January 25, 2014, and no longer accepts cash.^[62][63] The portion south of I-595 was converted on August 29, 2015.^[64]

Between 2005 and 2012, the Turnpike spent $380 million doubling the number of lanes from SR 528 to the northernmost interchange with SR 50 west of Winter Garden (exit 272). Most of the section was expanded from four to eight lanes, with the section between SR 408 and SR 429 being expanded from six to twelve lanes. The portion between SR 528 and Interstate 4 opened in 2008, with the portion between I-4 and SR 408 being finished in 2010, SR 408 to Beulah Road (at the north end of the SR 429 interchange) opened in March 2011, and the portion between Beulah Road and SR 50 (exit 272) was completed in 2012.^[65]

In 2007, legislation was passed in Florida to index toll rates across the state to the national Consumer price index (CPI), to be enacted by the end of June 2012. As a result, the toll rates on roads on Florida's Turnpike Enterprise were raised on June 24, 2012, an increase of 11.7% to reflect the previous five years. The legislation allows for SunPass rates to be raised slightly each year, with cash rates going up every five years, with SunPass rates staying about a quarter cheaper than cash rates.^[66][67] In keeping with the legislation, SunPass and toll-by-plate rates were raised again on July 1, 2013 by 2.1%, with cash toll rates projected to stay the same through at least 2014.^[66][68] Toll rate increases were scheduled for every five years, and mid-2017 was the next scheduled date for such an increase. However, a combination of a low inflation rate and problems within the relevant state authorities caused multiple cancellations and changes in schedule for the next increase.^[69][70] The final projected date for an increase in tolls was eventually set for October 29, 2017.^{[citation needed]}

The Turnpike Enterprise and OOCEA (now CFX) agreed to build a partial interchange between SR 417 and Florida's Turnpike in the late 2000s, after negotiations dating back to a 1991 field study.^[71][72] The interchange is being built in two phases. The first phase, built by CFX, added ramps from southbound SR 417 to southbound Florida's Turnpike and from northbound Florida's Turnpike to northbound SR 417. Construction on the first phase began in September 2013 and opened on January 26, 2015. The second phase, completing the interchange, will be built by the Turnpike Enterprise with construction beginning in late 2014 and expected to be completed in 2017, several years ahead of its original completion date.^[73][74]

Future[edit]

Plans are in the works to widen the Turnpike from the Lake Worth Road interchange (exit 93) to the Palm Beach-Martin County line^[75][76] and from SR 50 (exit 272) to North Hancock (exit 278)^[77] from four to eight lanes. In Miami-Dade County, several widening projects including new express lanes are underway. Work is also currently ongoing to widen the road from four to eight lanes between SR 528 and SR 417 and complete the interchange with the latter. Completion is expected by 2021.^[78][79]

Florida's Turnpike Enterprise plans to convert the entire Turnpike to an all electronic toll road, like the HEFT.^[14][61][80] Work to convert the section of the Turnpike mainline between I-595 and Lantana began in 2018.^[62][81] The first interchange to be converted will be SR 838 (Sunrise Boulevard, exit 58), with construction running through late 2019.^[78][82] The project also includes several road and interchange improvements along that stretch of the Turnpike.^[83] The entire length of the turnpike north of the Three Lakes Toll Plaza is scheduled to become all-electronic by the end of 2020.^[84]

Reconstruction of the northern end of the Turnpike at its junction with Interstate 75 is currently in progress and expected to continue through 2019. The project will improve the traffic merge pattern between I-75 and SR 44 with new flyover ramps and additional traffic lanes.^[85][86]

The Turnpike Enterprise is also studying a possible developer-funded future interchange at County Road 468 (mile marker 300, servicing The Villages and Lady Lake). This project is neither funded nor scheduled for construction at this time.^[87]

Exit list[edit]

North of the HEFT–Mainline interchange, the mainline continues the mileage from mile 47 from the HEFT. The spur of the mainline south of the HEFT to the Golden Glades Interchange assumes an alternate numbering system that suffixes an X to each exit number.^[55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Florida Department of Transportation Interchange Report'(PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. November 24, 2008. pp. 12–13. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
2. ^ ^ab'System Description'. Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
3. ^ ^abcdefGoogle (April 16, 2010). 'overview map of Florida's Turnpike from Golden Glades Spur' (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
4. ^Google (April 16, 2010). 'overview map of Florida's Turnpike and Homestead Extension' (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
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6. ^'Traffic'. The Palm Beach Post. June 24, 2003. p. 2B.
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10. ^'Florida Turnpike Toll Calculator v3.1'. Florida Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
11. ^Brockman, Belinda (August 17, 1990). 'New Turnpike Toll Booths Open Sunday'. Palm Beach Post. p. 1B.
12. ^ ^abcdefghijk'Florida's Turnpike 50 Year Celebration'(PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 22, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
13. ^'SunPass Sales Show Tolls Are Ticket To Travel'(PDF). Tampa Tribune. January 27, 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 6, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
14. ^ ^abTurnbell, Michael (October 26, 2009). 'Florida's Turnpike to go cashless as it switches to electronic tolling'. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
15. ^'SunPass Roads and Bridges'. Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
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34. ^'I-95 'Missing Link' Okayed'. Lakeland Ledger. April 19, 1973. p. 4A.
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39. ^'Parkway Name Changed to Protect Its Identity'. St. Petersburg Times. April 13, 1968.
40. ^'Help Speed I-95'. Palm Beach Post. August 29, 1978.
41. ^Mitgang, Lee (March 6, 1981). 'States are eyeing higher speed limits'. The Free Lance-Star.
42. ^ ^abMadigan, Nick (March 1, 1989). 'State's Exit Amnesia Has Inns In An Uproar'. Palm Beach Post. p. 1A.
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44. ^'Hike In Toll Could Backfire On DOT'. Ocala Star-Banner. February 14, 1979. p. 4A.
45. ^Crowley, Brian E. (July 27, 1985). 'Approval Expected for Turnpike Plans'. The Palm Beach Post. p. 1A.
46. ^Pierce, Rick & Ellis, Elaine A. (August 21, 1990). 'Turnpike fares well under coin system traffic flow smooth on workday debut'. Sun-Sentinel. p. 8B.
47. ^Pierce, Rick & Chabot, Lucy (August 17, 1993). 'Turnpike Coin Baskets Delayed Until February'. Sun-Sentinel. p. 1A.
48. ^'Turnpike converts to coin system'. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 19, 1995. p. 6B.
49. ^Coole, Terri (February 12, 1993). 'Turnpike Exchange: Coins, not tickets a new toll plaza south of Leesburg, when complete, will mean a pay-as-you-go system on the highway's northern section'. Orlando Sentinel. p. 1.
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52. ^Douthat, Bill (May 31, 1991). 'Turnpike Tolls To Jump 30%'. The Palm Beach Post. p. 1A.
53. ^O'Neal, Donna (July 1, 1991). 'Laws raise fees, boost protection'. Lakeland Ledger. p. 3B.
54. ^'Florida Turnpike tolls to increase today'. Ocala Star-Banner. July 11, 1993. p. 4B.
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56. ^'Florida's Interstate Exit Numbers'. Florida Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
57. ^'Designation of the Florida's Turnpike as part of the 'Ronald Reagan Turnpike' System'. Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
58. ^McGinness, Chuck (January 8, 2004). 'Plan To Hike Toll On Turnpike Rapped'. The Palm Beach Post. p. 7B.
59. ^Turnbell, Michael (March 6, 2004). 'Drivers Dash To Get SunPass Before Toll Increases Kick In'. Sun-Sentinel. p. 1B.
60. ^Turnbell, Michael (February 14, 2011). 'Turnpike to stop taking cash on Homestead Extension Feb. 19'. Sun-Sentinel.
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62. ^ ^abTurnbell, Michael (August 3, 2013). 'Sawgrass Expressway going cashless in 2014'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
63. ^Turnbell, Michael (January 12, 2014). 'Golden Glades going cashless on Jan. 25'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
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67. ^Turnbell, Michael (June 7, 2012). 'Tolls on Turnpike, Sawgrass, Alligator Alley going up on June 24'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
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72. ^'Opened: Sr 417/Florida's Turnpike Partial Interchange'. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
73. ^'Central/West Central Florida Construction/Lane Closure Update'. Florida's Turnpike Enterprise. Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
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75. ^'Turnpike plans widening in Palm Beach County'. South Florida Business Journal. February 13, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
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84. ^Iwasinski, Adrianna (May 22, 2019). '70-mile stretch of turnpike through Central Florida going cashless'. News 6. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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88. ^FDOT straight line diagramsArchived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 2014
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91. ^'Florida's Turnpike opens new SunPass-only interchange at State Road 710 (Beeline Highway) Thursday, July 27'(PDF) (Press release). Florida Department of Transportation. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 23, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
92. ^Lane, Teresa (May 12, 2007). '$19 Million Turnpike Ramps Open'. The Palm Beach Post. p. 1B.
93. ^Hamburg, Jay (January 6, 2007). 'Turnpike link eases commute in Kissimmee'. Orlando Sentinel. p. 1B.
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96. ^'New Interchange at Florida's Turnpike & SR 417 (MP 251)'(PDF). floridasturnpike.com. Florida Department of Transportation. July 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
97. ^Richardson, Matthew (January 17, 2014). 'How RS&H won design deal for SR 417/Florida's Turnpike interchange'. bizjournals.com. Orlando Business Journal. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
98. ^'Casselberry Road Extension Will Make Shortcut Official'. Orlando Sentinel. July 25, 2004. p. 18K.
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External links[edit]

Route map: